SUMMARY: The chapter "Plant Kingdom" in Class 11 Biology explores the classification and characteristics of different plant groups within the kingdom Plantae. KEY TOPICS: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, Plant life cycles, Alternation of generations, Plant classification, Economic importance of plants, Plant diversity
The plant body in pteridophytes is differentiated into:
ARoot and shoot
BTrue root, stem and leaves
CThallus
DStem only
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Correct answer: Option 2 — True root, stem and leaves
Q41 Mark
Which of the following is a gymnosperm?
ACycas
BFunaria
CMarchantia
DSpirogyra
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Correct answer: Option 1 — Cycas
Q51 Mark
Double fertilisation is characteristic of:
AAlgae
BBryophytes
CPteridophytes
DAngiosperms
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Correct answer: Option 4 — Angiosperms
Q61 Mark
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of bryophytes?
APresence of vascular tissues
BPresence of seeds
CPresence of true roots
DPresence of gametophyte generation
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Correct answer: Option 4 — Presence of gametophyte generation
Q71 Mark
In which group of plants does the sporophyte generation dominate?
AAlgae
BBryophytes
CPteridophytes
DGymnosperms
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Correct answer: Option 4 — Gymnosperms
Q81 Mark
Which of the following is a key feature of angiosperms?
AReproduction through spores
BProduction of flowers and fruits
CPresence of naked seeds
DAbsence of vascular tissues
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Production of flowers and fruits
Q91 Mark
What is the primary mode of reproduction in algae?
AAsexual reproduction only
BSexual reproduction only
CBoth asexual and sexual reproduction
DVegetative propagation only
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Correct answer: Option 3 — Both asexual and sexual reproduction
Q101 Mark
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pteridophytes?
AThey have true leaves
BThey reproduce via seeds
CThey have a dominant sporophyte generation
DThey possess vascular tissues
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Correct answer: Option 2 — They reproduce via seeds
Q111 Mark
The economic importance of which plant group includes the production of timber and paper?
AAlgae
BBryophytes
CGymnosperms
DAngiosperms
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Correct answer: Option 3 — Gymnosperms
Q121 Mark
Which of the following plant groups exhibits alternation of generations?
AOnly angiosperms
BOnly gymnosperms
CAll groups of plants
DOnly bryophytes and pteridophytes
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Correct answer: Option 3 — All groups of plants
Q131 Mark
Which type of algae is known for its red pigment?
AChlorophyta
BRhodophyta
CPhaeophyta
DCyanophyta
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Rhodophyta
Q141 Mark
What type of plant is characterized by having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary?
AAngiosperms
BBryophytes
CGymnosperms
DPteridophytes
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Correct answer: Option 3 — Gymnosperms
Q151 Mark
Which of the following is a feature of the life cycle of pteridophytes?
AOnly gametophyte is free-living
BSporophyte is dependent on gametophyte
CBoth generations are free-living
DOnly sporophyte is free-living
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Correct answer: Option 4 — Only sporophyte is free-living
Short Answer Questions10 questions
Q163 Marks
Differentiate between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
Q173 Marks
What is alternation of generations? Give one example.
Q183 Marks
Why are bryophytes called amphibians of the plant kingdom?
Q193 Marks
Mention three economic importance of algae.
Q203 Marks
Distinguish between heterospory and homospory.
Q213 Marks
What are the main characteristics of algae that distinguish them from other plant groups?
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Algae are primarily aquatic, photosynthetic organisms that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Algae are also important producers in aquatic ecosystems, contributing significantly to oxygen production.
Q223 Marks
Explain the significance of the vascular system in pteridophytes.
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The vascular system in pteridophytes consists of xylem and phloem, which allows for efficient transport of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant. This adaptation enables pteridophytes to grow larger and inhabit a wider range of terrestrial environments compared to non-vascular plants like bryophytes.
Q233 Marks
What are gymnosperms and how do they differ from angiosperms?
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Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits; their seeds are often exposed on cones. In contrast, angiosperms produce flowers and fruits that enclose their seeds, representing a significant evolutionary advancement in plant reproduction.
Q243 Marks
Describe the life cycle of a typical angiosperm.
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The life cycle of a typical angiosperm involves alternation of generations, where the diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis. These spores develop into the gametophyte generation, which produces gametes. Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote, which grows into a new sporophyte, completing the cycle.
Q253 Marks
What role do bryophytes play in soil formation?
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Bryophytes contribute to soil formation by breaking down rocks and accumulating organic matter as they grow. Their ability to retain moisture also helps create a suitable environment for other plants to establish, thus facilitating the development of soil layers over time.
Long Answer Questions6 questions
Q266 Marks
Describe the life cycle of a typical bryophyte (e.g., Funaria) with a diagram.
Q276 Marks
Compare the life cycles of pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
Q286 Marks
Discuss the salient features and classification of algae with examples from each class.
Q296 Marks
Explain double fertilisation in angiosperms with a diagram.
Q306 Marks
Describe the major differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms with examples.
Q316 Marks
Compare bryophytes and pteridophytes with the help of a table.
Assertion–Reason Questions8 questions
Q321 Mark
Assertion (A): Bryophytes need water for fertilisation.
Reason (R): Their male gametes are flagellated and swim in water films.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q331 Mark
Assertion (A): Gymnosperms bear naked seeds.
Reason (R): Their ovules are not enclosed in an ovary wall.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q341 Mark
Assertion (A): Algae lack vascular tissues.
Reason (R): They live mostly in aquatic habitats and absorb water directly.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q351 Mark
Assertion (A): Pteridophytes are also called vascular cryptogams.
Reason (R): They have vascular tissues but produce spores instead of seeds.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q361 Mark
Assertion (A): Angiosperms show double fertilisation.
Reason (R): One male gamete fuses with egg and the other with the secondary nucleus.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q371 Mark
Assertion (A): Algae are primarily aquatic organisms.
Reason (R): Most algae thrive in freshwater or marine environments.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q381 Mark
Assertion (A): Bryophytes are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Reason (R): They can live both in water and on land but require water for reproduction.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q391 Mark
Assertion (A): Pteridophytes reproduce through seeds.
Reason (R): Pteridophytes reproduce via spores and do not produce seeds.
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Correct answer: Option 4 —
A is false, but R is true.
Statement-Based Questions8 questions
Q401 Mark
Statement 1: Cycas is a gymnosperm.
Statement 2: It produces flowers and fruits.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q411 Mark
Statement 1: Pteridophytes show heterospory in some forms.
Statement 2: Heterospory is the precursor of seed habit.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q421 Mark
Statement 1: Algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods.
Statement 2: Fragmentation is a method of asexual reproduction.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q431 Mark
Statement 1: Bryophytes are the first land plants.
Statement 2: They have a well developed vascular tissue.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q441 Mark
Statement 1: Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots.
Statement 2: Monocots have one cotyledon and dicots have two cotyledons.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q451 Mark
Statement 1: Algae are classified into three main groups: Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta.
Statement 2: Bryophytes are vascular plants that have true roots, stems, and leaves.
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Correct answer: Option 2 —
Only Statement 1 is true.
Q461 Mark
Statement 1: Pteridophytes reproduce through spores and do not produce seeds.
Statement 2: Gymnosperms are characterized by their enclosed seeds.
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Correct answer: Option 4 —
Both statements are false.
Q471 Mark
Statement 1: The life cycle of angiosperms includes both a gametophyte and a sporophyte generation.
Statement 2: Mosses are an example of pteridophytes.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Case Study / Passage Questions2 questions
Q483 Marks
A botanist studies the life cycle of Funaria growing on a damp wall. She notes that the gametophyte is the dominant photosynthetic stage that bears archegonia and antheridia. After fertilisation a sporophyte develops which produces haploid spores by meiosis. These spores germinate into protonema which give rise to new gametophytes.
The dominant phase in the life cycle of a bryophyte is the:
AGametophyte
BSporophyte
CBoth equally
DNeither
Spores in the sporophyte are produced by:
AMitosis
BMeiosis
CFertilisation
DFragmentation
Why are bryophytes called amphibians of the plant kingdom?
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1. Option 1 — Gametophyte
2. Option 2 — Meiosis
3. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because although they live on land they need water for fertilisation. Their flagellated male gametes have to swim to the egg through a film of water. This dependence on water for sexual reproduction restricts bryophytes mainly to moist habitats.
Q493 Marks
A student examines a Cycas cone and a mango flower. She notes that Cycas bears naked seeds on the megasporophyll while the mango ovules are enclosed in an ovary that develops into a fruit. The teacher then explains the unique double fertilisation that takes place only in angiosperms.
Cycas with its naked seeds is a:
APteridophyte
BGymnosperm
CAngiosperm
DBryophyte
Double fertilisation is exclusive to:
ABryophytes
BPteridophytes
CGymnosperms
DAngiosperms
Explain double fertilisation and its biological significance.
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1. Option 2 — Gymnosperm
2. Option 4 — Angiosperms
3. In double fertilisation one male gamete fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote (syngamy) while the other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (triple fusion). The endosperm nourishes the developing embryo. Double fertilisation ensures food supply for the embryo only when fertilisation has occurred.
Table-Based Questions2 questions
Q503 Marks
Study the table comparing major plant groups and answer the questions:
Group
Vascular tissue
Seed
Example
Algae
Absent
Absent
Spirogyra
Bryophytes
Absent
Absent
Funaria
Pteridophytes
Present
Absent
Marsilea
Gymnosperms
Present
Naked
Cycas
Angiosperms
Present
Enclosed
Mango
The first group of plants to develop vascular tissue is:
AAlgae
BBryophytes
CPteridophytes
DGymnosperms
Plants with seeds enclosed in an ovary are:
AGymnosperms
BAngiosperms
CPteridophytes
DBryophytes
Trace the major evolutionary trends from algae to angiosperms.
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1. Option 3 — Pteridophytes
2. Option 2 — Angiosperms
3. Algae and bryophytes lack vascular tissue while pteridophytes show the first emergence of xylem and phloem. Pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants. Gymnosperms produce seeds that are exposed on cone scales. Angiosperms enclose their seeds within fruits — an evolutionary advantage for protection and dispersal.
Q516 Marks
Compare the major plant groups based on vascular tissue and seed habit.
