SUMMARY: The chapter "Anatomy of Flowering Plants" in Class 11 Biology explores the internal structure and organization of tissues in flowering plants. KEY TOPICS: tissue systems, meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, simple tissues, complex tissues, vascular bundles, secondary growth, anatomy of monocot and dicot stems, anatomy of monocot and dicot roots, anatomy of leaves.
The tissue that provides mechanical support to mature plants is:
AParenchyma
BCollenchyma
CSclerenchyma
DAerenchyma
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Correct answer: Option 3 — Sclerenchyma
Q21 Mark
The vascular bundle in dicot stem is:
AClosed
BOpen
CConcentric
DRadial
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Open
Q31 Mark
Casparian strips are found in:
ACortex
BEndodermis
CPericycle
DPith
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Endodermis
Q41 Mark
Which tissue is responsible for secondary growth?
AApical meristem
BLateral meristem
CIntercalary meristem
DPermanent tissue
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Lateral meristem
Q51 Mark
Stomata are found in:
ARoots
BStems only
CLeaves
DAll parts
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Correct answer: Option 3 — Leaves
Q61 Mark
Which type of meristematic tissue is responsible for the increase in length of the plant?
ALateral meristem
BApical meristem
CIntercalary meristem
DPermanent tissue
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Apical meristem
Q71 Mark
Which of the following is a characteristic of parenchyma tissue?
AThick cell walls
BLiving at maturity
CConducts water
DForms vascular bundles
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Living at maturity
Q81 Mark
What type of vascular tissue is primarily responsible for the transport of water in plants?
APhloem
BXylem
CSclerenchyma
DCollenchyma
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Xylem
Q91 Mark
In dicot roots, the arrangement of vascular bundles is typically:
AScattered
BIn a ring
CIn a star shape
DIn a single line
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Correct answer: Option 2 — In a ring
Q101 Mark
Which tissue is primarily involved in photosynthesis in leaves?
ASclerenchyma
BParenchyma
CCollenchyma
DPhloem
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Parenchyma
Q111 Mark
What is the primary function of collenchyma tissue?
ATransport of nutrients
BStorage of food
CSupport in young stems and leaves
DConducting water
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Correct answer: Option 3 — Support in young stems and leaves
Q121 Mark
Which of the following is NOT a type of simple permanent tissue?
AParenchyma
BCollenchyma
CSclerenchyma
DPhloem
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Correct answer: Option 4 — Phloem
Q131 Mark
The vascular bundles in monocot stems are typically:
AArranged in a ring
BScattered throughout the stem
CIn a single line
DFormed in a star shape
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Scattered throughout the stem
Q141 Mark
Which type of tissue forms the outer protective layer of the plant?
AParenchyma
BEpidermis
CXylem
DPhloem
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Epidermis
Q151 Mark
Which type of growth is primarily associated with lateral meristems?
APrimary growth
BSecondary growth
CApical growth
DIntercalary growth
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Correct answer: Option 2 — Secondary growth
Short Answer Questions10 questions
Q163 Marks
Differentiate between simple and complex tissues.
Q173 Marks
What is the difference between dicot and monocot stems?
Q183 Marks
Describe the structure of a stomatal apparatus.
Q193 Marks
Explain the structure of phloem.
Q203 Marks
What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?
Q213 Marks
What are meristematic tissues and how do they differ from permanent tissues?
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Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to divide and give rise to various types of cells, whereas permanent tissues are differentiated cells that have lost the ability to divide. Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth, while permanent tissues serve specific functions in the plant.
Q223 Marks
Define vascular bundles and explain their significance in plants.
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Vascular bundles are arrangements of xylem and phloem tissues in plants that facilitate the transport of water, nutrients, and food. They play a crucial role in the overall functioning of the plant by connecting different parts and supporting growth.
Q233 Marks
What is the role of collenchyma in plants?
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Collenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that provides flexible support to growing parts of the plant, such as stems and leaves. Its cells have unevenly thickened walls, allowing for both strength and flexibility.
Q243 Marks
Explain the differences in the anatomy of monocot and dicot roots.
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Monocot roots typically have a fibrous root system with vascular bundles scattered throughout the root, while dicot roots have a taproot system with vascular bundles arranged in a circular pattern. This structural difference influences their growth and nutrient absorption.
Q253 Marks
What is secondary growth and which tissues are involved in this process?
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Secondary growth refers to the increase in thickness of stems and roots due to the activity of lateral meristems, specifically the vascular cambium and cork cambium. This process results in the formation of secondary xylem and phloem, contributing to the plant's overall girth.
Long Answer Questions6 questions
Q266 Marks
Describe the various types of meristematic tissues with their location and functions.
Q276 Marks
Compare and contrast the anatomy of dicot and monocot roots.
Q286 Marks
Describe secondary growth in dicot stem with a labelled diagram.
Q296 Marks
Explain the structure and functions of xylem and phloem in detail.
Q306 Marks
Describe the internal structure of a dicot leaf.
Q316 Marks
Differentiate between dicot and monocot stems in tabular form on the basis of internal structure.
Assertion–Reason Questions8 questions
Q321 Mark
Assertion (A): Sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity.
Reason (R): They have thick lignified cell walls that provide mechanical support.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q331 Mark
Assertion (A): Vascular bundles in monocot stem are scattered.
Reason (R): They lack a definite arrangement and there is no cambium.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q341 Mark
Assertion (A): Casparian strips block apoplastic flow of water.
Reason (R): They are made of suberin and are impervious to water.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q351 Mark
Assertion (A): Annual rings indicate the age of a tree.
Reason (R): They are formed due to seasonal differences in cambial activity.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q361 Mark
Assertion (A): Stomata regulate transpiration and gaseous exchange.
Reason (R): Their opening and closing is controlled by guard cells.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q371 Mark
Assertion (A): Meristematic tissues are responsible for the growth of plants.
Reason (R): They consist of undifferentiated cells that can divide and form new tissues.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q381 Mark
Assertion (A): Parenchyma is a type of complex tissue.
Reason (R): It is involved in photosynthesis, storage, and tissue repair.
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Correct answer: Option 3 —
A is true, but R is false.
Q391 Mark
Assertion (A): The xylem is responsible for the transport of nutrients in plants.
Reason (R): Xylem primarily transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
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Correct answer: Option 3 —
A is true, but R is false.
Statement-Based Questions8 questions
Q401 Mark
Statement 1: Apical meristem is found at the tips of roots and shoots.
Statement 2: It is responsible for primary growth of plants.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q411 Mark
Statement 1: Phloem transports food in plants.
Statement 2: It contains sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and parenchyma.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q421 Mark
Statement 1: Xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, fibres and parenchyma.
Statement 2: Tracheids and vessels are dead at maturity.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q431 Mark
Statement 1: Cambium is a lateral meristem.
Statement 2: Cambium produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q441 Mark
Statement 1: Heartwood is dark coloured and not involved in conduction.
Statement 2: Sapwood is the outer light coloured wood involved in water conduction.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q451 Mark
Statement 1: Meristematic tissues are responsible for the growth of plants.
Statement 2: Permanent tissues can divide and form new cells.
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Correct answer: Option 2 —
Only Statement 1 is true.
Q461 Mark
Statement 1: Simple tissues consist of only one type of cell.
Statement 2: Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cell.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Q471 Mark
Statement 1: Vascular bundles in dicot stems are arranged in a ring.
Statement 2: Vascular bundles in monocot stems are scattered throughout the stem.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Case Study / Passage Questions4 questions
Q483 Marks
A student stains a thin transverse section of a sunflower stem with safranin and observes it under a microscope. She sees a single-layered epidermis with a thick cuticle, hypodermis of collenchyma, ground tissue with chlorenchyma, vascular bundles arranged in a ring with cambium between xylem and phloem and a central pith.
The arrangement of vascular bundles in a ring is typical of:
AMonocot
BDicot
CBryophyte
DPteridophyte
The vascular bundles in this stem are:
AOpen
BClosed
CConcentric
DRadial
Distinguish between dicot and monocot stems on the basis of vascular bundle arrangement and secondary growth.
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1. Option 2 — Dicot
2. Option 1 — Open
3. Dicotyledonous stems show a definite arrangement of vascular bundles in a ring around the pith. Each bundle has cambium between xylem and phloem (open bundle) which allows secondary growth. Monocot stems on the other hand have scattered vascular bundles without cambium so they cannot undergo secondary growth.
Q493 Marks
A forest officer counts the rings in the cross-section of a felled neem tree to estimate its age. She finds 32 distinct rings of alternating dark and light wood. She explains to the visitors that each ring corresponds to one year of secondary growth produced by the vascular cambium.
Annual rings are produced by the activity of the:
AApical meristem
BVascular cambium
CCork cambium
DIntercalary meristem
The light coloured part of an annual ring is called spring wood because:
ASpring wood is darker
BAutumn wood is lighter
CSpring wood is wider with larger vessels
DAll rings are identical
Explain how seasonal differences in cambial activity produce annual rings and how they help in determining the age of a tree.
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1. Option 2 — Vascular cambium
2. Option 3 — Spring wood is wider with larger vessels
3. During spring the cambium is more active and produces wider, lighter coloured xylem with larger vessels (spring or early wood). During autumn the activity slows down producing narrower, darker xylem with smaller vessels (autumn or late wood). One pair of spring and autumn wood constitutes one annual ring. Counting the rings gives the age of the tree.
Q503 Marks
The anatomy of flowering plants reveals a complex organization of tissues that contribute to their growth and development. The primary tissue systems include the dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. Dermal tissue, which forms the outer protective layer, is primarily composed of epidermis. Vascular tissue, consisting of xylem and phloem, is responsible for the transport of water, nutrients, and food. Ground tissue serves various functions, including storage, photosynthesis, and support. Understanding these tissue systems is crucial for studying plant physiology and ecology.
What are the three primary tissue systems in flowering plants?
Which tissue is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients?
ADermal tissue
BGround tissue
CVascular tissue
DMeristematic tissue
What is the primary function of ground tissue?
AProtection
BTransport
CStorage and photosynthesis
DGrowth
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1. Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.
2. Option 3 — Vascular tissue
3. Option 3 — Storage and photosynthesis
Q513 Marks
Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to divide and differentiate into various types of plant cells. These tissues are primarily found in specific regions of the plant, such as the tips of roots and shoots, where they contribute to primary growth. There are two main types of meristematic tissues: apical meristems, which are located at the tips of roots and stems, and lateral meristems, which are responsible for secondary growth in thickness.
Where are meristematic tissues primarily located?
AIn the leaves
BAt the tips of roots and shoots
CIn the bark
DIn the flowers
What is the role of lateral meristems?
What are the two main types of meristematic tissues?
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1. Option 2 — At the tips of roots and shoots
2. Responsible for secondary growth in thickness.
3. Apical meristems and lateral meristems.
Table-Based Questions4 questions
Q523 Marks
Study the table on plant tissues and answer the questions:
Tissue
Cell wall
Function
Example location
Parenchyma
Thin cellulose
Storage and photosynthesis
Cortex of stem
Collenchyma
Cellulose with pectin at corners
Mechanical support to growing organs
Hypodermis of stem
Sclerenchyma
Lignified secondary wall
Mechanical support in mature parts
Phloem fibres
Xylem
Lignified
Conduction of water and minerals
Vascular bundle
Phloem
Cellulose
Conduction of food
Vascular bundle
The tissue that is dead and lignified at maturity and provides mechanical support is:
AParenchyma
BCollenchyma
CSclerenchyma
DXylem
The chief function of phloem is:
AConduction of water
BPhotosynthesis
CStorage
DConduction of food
Compare the structure and function of collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
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1. Option 3 — Sclerenchyma
2. Option 4 — Conduction of food
3. Plant tissues are broadly classified into meristematic and permanent. Permanent tissues include simple tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) made of one cell type and complex tissues (xylem, phloem) made of more than one cell type. Each tissue is suited to its function — parenchyma stores food, collenchyma supports young organs, sclerenchyma provides hard support, xylem conducts water and phloem conducts food.
Q536 Marks
Identify the simple permanent tissue type and its function for each example.
Tissue
Cell wall
Function
Parenchyma
Thin cellulose
?
Collenchyma
Cellulose + pectin at corners
?
Sclerenchyma
Lignified secondary wall
?
Q546 Marks
Which type of simple permanent tissue is primarily responsible for photosynthesis in plants?
Tissue Type
Function
Parenchyma
Photosynthesis
Collenchyma
Support
Sclerenchyma
Protection
Q556 Marks
What is the primary function of collenchyma tissue as indicated in the table?
