SUMMARY: This chapter covers the concept of functions in Python, including their definition, usage, and importance in programming. KEY TOPICS: function definition, function call, parameters and arguments, return statement, scope of variables, recursion, built-in functions, lambda functions, function overloading, anonymous functions
Statement 2: The argument name is specified explicitly during the function call.
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Correct answer: Option 1 —
Both statements are true.
Case Study / Passage Questions1 question
Q273 Marks
A student is asked to write a Python program that takes two numbers and an operator (+ - * /) and computes the result using user-defined functions. He decides to write a separate function for each arithmetic operation. He then defines a main function that reads input and calls the appropriate function.
Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?
Afunction
Bdef
Cfun
Ddefine
Which scope does a variable defined inside a function have?
ALocal
BGlobal
CBuilt-in
DClass
Write a Python program implementing the calculator using one function per operation.
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1. Option 2 — def
2. Option 1 — Local
3. The student writes def add(a b): return a+b and similar functions for sub mul div. He then writes def main(): a = float(input()); b = float(input()); op = input(); if op == '+': print(add(a b)) etc. Functions promote modular code reusability and easier testing. Each function does one thing well; the main function orchestrates them.
Table-Based Questions3 questions
Q286 Marks
For each function call predict its return value.
Call to f(a, b=10)
Return value
f(5)
?
f(5, 7)
?
f(b=4, a=3)
?
f(*[2, 3])
?
f()
?
Q295 Marks
For each function call identify if it is recursive or iterative.
Function
Type (recursive/iterative)
factorial via self-call
?
factorial via for loop
?
fibonacci via self-call
?
even() returning n%2==0
?
sum_list via self-call
?
Q303 Marks
Study the table on Python function arguments and answer:
Type
Description
Example
Positional
Order matters
f(1, 2)
Keyword
Name = value
f(a=1, b=2)
Default
Default if absent
def f(a, b=10)
Variable-length
*args / **kwargs
def f(*args)
Which type of argument has a default value if not provided?
APositional
BKeyword
CDefault
DVariable-length
Which is used for variable-length keyword arguments?
A*args
B**kwargs
CBoth
D
Discuss the four types of arguments in Python with one example each.
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1. Option 3 — Default
2. Option 2 — **kwargs
3. Python supports four kinds of arguments. Positional arguments are matched by order. Keyword arguments use name=value syntax for clarity. Default arguments use a default value when the caller omits the argument. Variable-length *args (tuple) and **kwargs (dict) accept any number of additional positional/keyword arguments. The order in def is positional then default then *args then **kwargs.
Picture-Based Questions1 question
Q313 Marks
Study the function call and return diagram and answer:
The arguments passed to a function during a call are called:
AActual parameters
BFormal parameters
CDefault parameters
DVariable parameters
A function with no return statement returns:
A0
B1
CNone (None object)
Dundefined
Differentiate between actual and formal parameters and explain function return mechanism.
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1. Option 1 — Actual parameters
2. Option 3 — None (None object)
3. When a function is called actual parameters are passed to formal parameters defined in the function header. The function executes and may return a value using return. Without an explicit return Python returns None. Functions promote modular code reusability and easier testing.
